CONTENTS №10-2024

3 Alexeyenkova S.V., Loschinin M.N.  Equine infectious hepatitis

Equine parvovirus hepatitis was first described as the cause of equine serum hepatitis, commonly known as Theiler's disease. Parvovirus is frequently isolated from the serum and liver of horses with acute hepatitis, which is proceeds with lightning speed and evidence of liver necrosis, with a fatal outcome in most cases. Horizontal transmission of the virus may be iatrogenic, via contaminated biological fluids such as equine serum, botulinum or tetanus antitoxin, mesenchymal stem cells, or via the oral route. Horses that test positive for the parvovirus genome sometimes present with clinical signs that include hyperbilirubinemia, lethargy, loss of appetite, and neurologic abnormalities, with increases in liver-related biochemical markers. In other cases, horses may be asymptomatic carriers of the virus. The most common histopathologic changes in the liver include hepatocellular necrosis, collapse of the lobular architecture, and lymphocytic infiltration. When making a diagnosis, the probability of developing a co-infection associated with clostridia – C. novyi, C. haemolyticum, C.piliforme, which are the causative agents of infectious necrotic hepatitis, bacillary hemoglobinuria and Tyzzer disease, respectively. Key words: horse, hepatitis, pegivirus, hepacivirus, parvovirus, clostridia, Theiler‘s disease, Tyzzer disease.

DOI:10.30896/0042-4846.2024.27.10.03-09

EXPERIMENT, PROBLEMS, PERSPECTIVES

11 Velichko G.N., Shulyak A.F. Viral enteritis of geese: current situation in Russia

The studies have shown that parvovirus enteritis remains one of the most significant diseases in the goose industry. The infection has been diagnosed in various regions of Russia. Virus neutralizing antibodies were detected in 80,6 % of the surveyed farms. The incidence of outbreaks reached 25 – 30 %, mortality – 30 – 40 %, lethality – 90 %. Clinical signs of the disease appeared in goslings less than two weeks old and included ataxia, anorexia, conjunctivitis, in some cases rhinitis, diarrhea. The clinical stage ended with the death of most of the diseased birds. Catarrhal, hemorrhagic or fibrinous enteritis has detected an autopsy. The seroprevalence ranged from 29 to 88 % in 2020 – 2024. The immunological monitoring has detected herds with a high level of seroprevalence in which the disease was not registered and vaccination was not carried out. Perhaps this reflects the ability of the pathogen to circulate asymptomatically in the herd. Two isolates of parvovirus, G–4 and G-8, were isolated from goslings during outbreaks of the disease. Both showed typical biological properties and a high degree of genetic affinity with reference strains isolated in previous years in different countries. Key words: goose, parvovirus, enteritis, epidemiology, symptoms, antibody, strain, genome.

DOI:10.30896/0042-4846.2024.27.10.11-17

17 Makarov V.V., Nikishov A.A.  Pathogenicity and virulence agents of infections (part 2)

The second part of the article is devoted to the material basis of pathogenicity and phenotypic variability of virulence. The stated provisions are also supported by real examples of infectious pathology. Key words: infectious diseases, epizootology, pathogens, pathogenicity, virulence.

DOI:10.30896/0042-4846.2024.27.10.17-23

INFECTIOUS  DISEASES

25 Galeeva A.G., Akhunova A.R., Khammadov N.I., Yarullina G.M., Efimova M.A. Heterologous expression of recombinant classical swine fever virus and porcine circovirus type 2 antigens

This paper presents the results of the design and optimization of a heterologous (prokaryotic) system for the expression of recombinant porcine pathogens antigens – classical swine fever (rE2) and porcine circovirus type 2 (rCap). For this purpose, expression vectors pET-28a(+)/E2-V5 and pET-28a(+)/ORF-2 were obtained and used to transform the E. coli strain BL-21(DE3). When optimizing expression conditions, it was found that rCap is produced in soluble form, and rE2 is produced both in soluble form and in the inclusion bodies. Taking this into account, the conditions for rE2 isolation from inclusion bodies with subsequent refolding were selected, which made it possible to renature up to 67 % of the target protein. Also, antigenic activity against specific antisera was confirmed for both antigens, which allows its use for serological diagnosis and assessment of the strength of post-vaccination immunity. Key words: classical swine fever, porcine circovirus type 2, recombinant vaccines, heterologous expression, prokaryotic expression system.

DOI:10.30896/0042-4846.2024.27.10.25-31

32 Fedorov Yu.N., Elakov A.L., Bogomolova O.A., Tsar'kova K.N., Konkina S.V.  Evaluation of methods diagnosis of failure of transfer of passive immunity in newborn calves

The transfer of passive immunity is defined as the absorption of the maternal immunoglobulin present in colostrum through the small intestine of the calf during the first 24 h after birth. The transfer of immunity from colostrum to the calf is termed transfer of passive immunity, and insufficient ingestion of colostral IgG is termed failure of transfer of passive immunity. Failure of transfer of maternal immunity via colostrum can occur in the newborn calves, and a number of blood tests have been developed to test calves for this failure. Failure of transfer of maternal immunity is classically diagnosed when IgG concentration in serum is <10,0 mg/ml. The failure of transfer of passive immunity is evaluated using direct (radial immunodiffusion test – RID, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay – ELISA), or indirect (sodium sulfite precipitation test, zinc sulfate turbidity test, the glutaraldehyde coagulation test) methods for assessing IgG concentration. Radial immunodiffusion test is considered as the gold standard method («gold standard») to measure serum IgG in newborn calves. The objective of this review is to analyze the evaluation methods available for the laboratory and field (on-farm) diagnosis of failure transfer of passive immunity in calves,  discussion the positive and negative aspects of each technique. Key words:  immunoassay methods, immunoglobulins, passive immunity, failure of transfer of passive immunity, colostrum, IgG, calves.

DOI:10.30896/0042-4846.2024.27.10.32-36

INVASIVE DISEASES

38 Gogushev Z.T. Helminthofauna of dogs in various regions of the republic of Karachay-Cherkessia

Presents the results of studying the epizootic situation of helminthiasis of dogs in different regions of the Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia. From 2018 to 2021, an increase in the infection of dogs with teniidoses was detected from 60,0 to 86,6 %. Malokarachaevsky district turned out to be especially unfavorable for teniidoses, where dogs were infected by 100 %. Nematoda class helminths were represented by 14 species, 9 of which are parasitic in the digestive tract. In autumn, dogs are invaded by the largest number of species (15 – 20) bio-  and geohelminths. Key words: dog, Karachay-Cherkessia, helminthiasis, helminthofauna, nematodes, teniidosis.

DOI:10.30896/0042-4846.2024.27.10.38-42

42 Mineeva O.V., Mineev A.K.  Posthodiplostomosis of cyprinid underyearlings in the tributary to Volga river

We studied the infection of underyearlings of cyprinid fish with the metacercaria Posthodiplostomum cuticola in the mouth of the Usa River (Middle Volga). The most infested are juvenile roach. The high pathogenicity of trematode larvae for underyearling fish has been established. Key words: posthodiplostomosis, underyearlings of cyprinid fish, Usa River.

DOI:10.30896/0042-4846.2024.27.10.42-46

OBSTTERICS, GYNECOLOGY

48 Kalachnikov V.V.,  Solodova E.V., Lebedeva L.F.  Scheme for using the drug Progestamag to maintain progesterone levels in the blood serum of pregnant mares

The article presents the results of testing the drug Progestamag on mares for hormonal support of early pregnancy. After artificial luteolysis caused by 250 μg of cloprostenol, Progestamag were administered to mares once in three groups (3 heads each) in different doses (the first group – 225 mg/bird, the second – 450 mg/bird, the third – 900 mg /bird). The peak concentration of progesterone in the blood serum was established 24 hours after injection, its maximum value depended on the dose of the drug. However, 48 hours after a single injection of Progestamage, the hormone level in the mares' blood decreased significantly.  It was concluded that in order to maintain the level of progesterone in the blood serum, which is necessary for maintaining pregnancy (>4 ng/ml), in the case of complete luteolysis, repeated use of progesterone in a dose of 900 mg (6 ml) is necessary every 48 hours. Key words: progesterone, estradiol, ovulation, pregnancy.

DOI:10.30896/0042-4846.2024.27.10.48-52

52 Denisenko V.Yu. Influence of theophylline and estradiol on the vitality of frozen bull spermatozoid

We studied the effect of different concentrations of theophylline on the viability of frozen bovine spermatozoa in the presence of estradiol and without it. Gamete viability was assessed using eosin dye. It was found that without estradiol, theophylline in the applied concentrations (from 1 to 1000 μM) did not change the number of viable germ cells, while pre-treatment of bull sperm with estradiol and then theophylline in different concentrations increased the viability of frozen sperm. Key words: cryopreservation, bull sperm, viability, theophylline, estradiol.

DOI:10.30896/0042-4846.2024.27.10.52-55

PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY

56 Khasanzanova N.O., Idiyatov I.I., Tremasova А.М., Shamilova T.A. Acute and subacute toxicity of the vitamin-mineral preparation Immunolive

The article presents the results of a study to determine the acute and subacute toxicity of the vitamin and mineral preparation "Immunolive", which includes vitamins A, D3, E and minerals calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, plant extracts, auxiliary and formative substances. When analyzing the relationship between the dose and the effect on the body of white mice, it was found that the studied drug according to GOST 12.1.007 – 76 classification (LD50 more than 25,000 mg / kg body weight) belongs to the fourth hazard class – low-hazard substances. Administration of «Immunolive» per os with drinking water at a dose of 1250 mg/kg of body weight for 20 days did not cause significant violations of the clinical status and pathoanatomic changes in internal organs in white mice. Key words: complex, vitamins A, D3, E, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, mice, toxicity.

DOI:10.30896/0042-4846.2024.27.10.56-60

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CONTENTS №10-2024