CONTENTS №2-2025

3 Orlyankin B.G., Aliper T.I. Giant viruses

Up-to-date information on giant viruses is summarised. The structure and biological features of these viruses are reviewed, as well as their role in the development of pathological processes in animals and humans.  Key words: giant viruses, structure, biology, distribution, pathogenicity. 

DOI:10.30896/0042-4846.2025.28.2.03-07

EXPERIMENT, PROBLEMS, PERSPECTIVES

9 Koptev V.Yu., Balybina N.Yu., Shkil N.A., Sedova T.A., Nekrasova N.A. New reagents kit for the caprine arthritis-encephalitis diagnostics by the ELISA in comparison with a foreign analogue

In this paper, we present data from the comparative analysis of a new diagnostic kit for the enzyme immunoassay of antibodies to the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus «IFA Best-Vet AT-CAEV (caprine arthritis-encephalitis)». High efficiency and accuracy of kit are demonstrated. Key words: caprine arthritis-encephalitis, ELISA.

DOI:10.30896/0042-4846.2025.28.2.09-14

INFECTIOUS  DISEASES

16 Mikhailov M.M., Aliyev A.Yu., Budulov N.R., Gunashev Sh.A., Yanikova E.A. Еpizootological monitoring of brucellosis and leukemia of cattle in Dagestan Republic 

The paper evaluates the current epizootic state of brucellosis and leukemia in cattle in Dagestan Republic for period 2019 – 2023 years. As a result of the conducted tests, a decrease of the intensity of the epizootic situation on brucellosis and leukemia was revealed during the specified period. In total, 1236 brucellosis patients and 2778 animals infected with BLV were registered in the region last year. Despite the significant successes, achieved in the region, the problems of eliminating of brucellosis and leukemia have not been completely solved. Over the past five years the incidence of brucellosis infection among cattle has decreased on 5,6 %, and leukemia infection on 17,6 %. Currently, a large spread of brucellosis and leukemia occurs in private livestock, significantly prevailing over public livestock. Active works continued in the republic to improve the health of all livestock from brucellosis and leukemia. This data is important for monitoring and taking measures to combat with the spread of these infections. Key words: monitoring, epizootology, analysis, cattle, brucellosis, leukemia, focus of infection, disadvantaged point.

DOI:10.30896/0042-4846.2025.28.2.16-22                    

23 Marinin L.I., Mokrievich A.N., Shishkova N.A., Tyurin E.A., Dyatlov I.A., Shulyak A.F. Epizootological hazard of anthrax soil foci for farm animals

The paper presents an analysis of the danger of anthrax soil foci for farm animals. The literature and our experiments indicate a significant role of soil foci in the incidence of anthrax in animals. On the territory of the Russian Federation, mainly single cases of diseases of farm animals, and sometimes group, up to epizootics, were observed. A major outbreak occurred in 2016, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug among reindeer. In 2023, there was a sharp aggravation of the epizootic situation with anthrax. Seven outbreaks of anthrax were registered with the disease of 19 people and 14 heads of farm animals. Epizootic hazard is represented by soil anthrax foci, which include cattle burial grounds, anthrax burials, pestilent fields, cattle routes, and mortality sites. Animals were infected during grazing, from fodder harvested on the territory of the cattle burial ground and in the area where animals had previously died from anthrax. Key words: anthrax, animals, cattle burial grounds, soil, morbidity.

DOI:10.30896/0042-4846.2025.28.2.23-28

OBSTTERICS, GYNECOLOGY

29 Korochkina E.A. Мesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue and bone marrow as a component of a diluent for cryopreservation of goats

The effectiveness of the inclusion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adipose tissue and bone marrow in the composition of a diluent of sperm from breeding goats during cryopreservation was studied. It was found that the diluent with MSCs from adipose tissue significantly increased the safety of spermatozoa after thawing: the number of morphologically normal cells was 55,50±3,65 % with a total mobility of 46,00±7,30 %. They also noted a high degree of survival of spermatozoa in media with MSCs during 4 hours of incubation after thawing. Consequently, MSCs from goat adipose tissue have cryoprotective properties and are suitable as a component of a diluent medium for cryopreservation of sperm. Key words: mesenchymal stem cells, goat sperm, cryopreservation, efficiency.

DOI:10.30896/0042-4846.2025.28.2.29-33

 PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY

34 Khmel A.O., Repina E.F., Smolyankin D.A., Akhmadeev A.R., Ryabova Yu.V. Histological changes in the structure of kidneys of experimental animals with long-term intake of cadmium into the body

The entry of heavy metals into the soil is a serious environmental problem. One of the most toxic heavy metals is cadmium, the ions of which easily pass into plants, accumulate in them and then enter the body of animals and humans. The aim of the study was to study the morphological changes in the kidney tissue of rats with prolonged exposure to various doses of cadmium. The experiment was conducted on outbred male rats. For 6 months, the animals were administered an aqueous solution of Cd chloride in various doses intragastrically. As a result of the studies, it was found that cadmium chloride has a dose-dependent toxic effect on the renal tissue of rats, leading to inflammatory and degenerative changes, as well as to severe sclerosis. Key words: heavy metals, cadmium, experiment, rats, kidneys, histology.

DOI:10.30896/0042-4846.2025.28.2.34-37

NONINFETION DISEASES

39 Petrova I.M., Bytov M.V., Khatsko S.L., Drozdova L.I., Shkuratova I.A. Changes in the endocrine pancreas in pigs of different age

Тhe pancreas is the most important endocrine and exocrine organ involved in the absorption of nutrients, which ultimately leads to increased muscle mass gain and improved product quality. The purpose of the study in this paper is to present the features of changes in the pancreas, in particular, the endocrine part of the organ in pigs of different age groups. To achieve this goal, pigs aged 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 5 months and 4 years were examined. For histological analysis, standard methods were used: hematoxylin and eosin staining, Mallory staining, and immunohistochemical analysis for β-endocrinocytes study. As a result of histological studies, along with the normal structure of the organ as a whole, a decentralized location of small immature islets of Langerhans was noted in piglets under 3 months of age. In piglets aged 3 months, an increase in the area of the islets of Langerhans and a decrease in their number in the gland are observed. For pigs aged 5 months and 4 years, the endocrine part of the organ takes a mature form: the islets of Langerhans are large and a large proportion of them is occupied by β-endocrinocytes. In general, the results of the study revealed that the islets of Langerhans undergo changes in development, probably common for the ontogenesis of pigs: from small islets scattered throughout the organ to large single islets. It is interesting to note that we found a significant number of β-cells in the islets of Langerhans (up to 75 % of all islet cells) in 4-year-old pigs. Probably, along with the enlargement of the islets, there is a weakening of the endocrine activity of β-cells, which is compensated by their number in the islet of Langerhans. Key words: pancreas, pigs, morphology, immunohistochemistry, beta-cells, Langerhans islets.

DOI:10.30896/0042-4846.2025.28.2.39-45

46 Gorinsky V.I., Salautin V.V., Pudovkin N.A., Salautina S.E. Рrevalence of hereditary pathology in dogs in Volgograd

The article presents data on the prevalence of hereditary pathology among dogs of different breeds in the territory of the city of Volgograd. In the period from August 2021 to September 2024, 333 studies were performed on 61 diseases in 37 different breeds. Sick animals were identified in 8,1 % of cases, healthy dogs were carriers of the mutant allele – 12,61 %. Diseases with an autosomal recessive type of inheritance were most often diagnosed, both among patients – 74,07 %, and among carriers – 88 %. Degenerative myelopathy (Exon 2) was detected in 40,74 %, chondrodysplasia – 14,81 %, chondrodystrophy with a risk of degeneration of intervertebral discs – 11,11 % and collie eye anomaly – 7,4 % of cases among sick dogs. Healthy carriers are represented by animals with degenerative myelopathy (Exon 2) – 33,33 %, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 4A – 9,52 %, von Willebrand disease type I – 7,14 % and spondylocostal dysostosis (SCD) – 7,14 %. Key words: statistics, prevalence, hereditary pathologies, dogs.

DOI:10.30896/0042-4846.2025.28.2.46-50

LABORATORY PRACTICE

52 Baryshnikova E.I., Tokareva S.B., Kudinov P.V., Sekhina O.V., Shchelkunova Yu.P. Development of a real-time PCR kit for the detection of Aeromonas DNA

The main results of the development and validation of a new real-time kit for the detection of DNA Aeromonas spp. were describes in the article. Specific primers and TaqMan probes were selected. A real-time PCR system was optimized to detect the DNA Aeromonas spp. The main characteristics of the kit (analytical specificity, analytical sensitivity) were determined. A fast amplification program has been selected for ease to use. The kit was adapted to the most common models of the thermocyclers with a real-time fluorescence signal detection system. The kit has been introduced into mass manufacturing. A declaration of conformity has been received for the developed set of reagents. Key words: Aeromonas, real-time PCR, aquaculture, bacterial diseases diagnosis.

DOI:10.30896/0042-4846.2025.28.2.52-56